Tugas 6

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1.       ~ Definisi passive voice :

   (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat, walaupun Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, namun passive voice sering kita temukan surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya. Passive voice dalam rumusnya mempunyai Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier

2.   

            ~~ Bagaimana mengubah kalimat aktif menjadi pasif :

~Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.

~ Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atau were

~ Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’

~ Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been

~ Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be

~ Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan 

setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’

~ Jika active voice dalam past future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.

~ Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, am atau are) + being.

~ Jika active voice dalam past continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (was atau were) + being.

~ Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.

~ Jika active voice dalam past perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been + being.

~ Jika active voice dalam future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will be + being.

~ Jika active voice dalam past future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would be + being.

~ Jika active voice dalam future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will have been + being.

~ Jika active voice dalam past future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would have been + being.

a.      

~                 ~Berikan contoh minimal 5 buah :

~ Active : He would be meeting them.

Passive : They would be being met by him.

Active : She would be watering this plant.

Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.

~ Active : He will have been meeting them.

Passive : They will have been being met by him.

Active : She will have been watering this plant.

Passive : This plant will have been being watered by her.

~ Active : He would be meeting them.

Passive : They would be being met by him.

Active : She would be watering this plant.

Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.

~ Active : He will be meeting them.

Passive : They will be being met by him.

Active : She will be watering this plant.

Passive : This plant will be being watered by her.

~ Active : He had been meeting them.

Passive : They had been being met by him.

Active : She had been watering this plant.

Passive : This plant had been being watered by her

tugas 05 - berikan 10 contoh kalimat yang mengandung gerunds

~ Gerund menjadi Subjects di belakang Verbs:

Verbs + Gerunds

-          The students enjoy studying English in the foreign language laboratory.

-          The good boys enjoy fasting on the whole of Ramadhan.

-          Henry found parking in Bandung was difficult.

-          The police prevent smuggling at the airport.

-          We expected recovering from monetary crises was priority.

-          European botanist wondered seeing so many kinds of orchid in Indonesia.

-          He admitted taking the money.

-          I don’t anticipate meeting any opposition.

-          Try to avoid making him angry.

-          He detests speaking Japanese.

-          Vicky dreads getting old.

-          Johannes kept complaining.

-          She keeps smiling to me.

-          He advised me applying at once.

-          She recommended buying it.

-          They don’t allow parking.

~ Possessive Adjective + Gerunds:

-          I appreciate your giving me so much of your time.

-          Forgive my interrupting you.

-          Forgive me for interrupting you.

-          I can’t prevent his leaving the country.

-          I can’t prevent him from leaving the country.

-          I don’t remember my mother complaining about the prices.

~ Infinitive menjadi Gerund:

-          I began to work, menjadi I began working.

-          He continued to live, menjadi He continued living above shop.

-          The grass wants to be cut, menjadi The grass wants cutting.

-          US Army ceased to attack Afghan soldiers, menjadi US Army ceased attacking …

~ Preposition + Gerund:

-          Fred insisted on seeing Anita.

-          Roy was accused of smuggling drugs.

-          I have no objection to hearing your story again.

-          Can you touch your toes without bending your knees?

-          Helga is found of adventuring.

-          Tommy is good on telling lies.

-          After swimming I felt cold.

-          Is Miss Schippers interested in making money?

-          She doesn’t care for cooking.

-          I’m sorry for keeping you waiting.

~ Verb + Preposition (adverb combination / phrasal verb) + Gerund

-          I don’t care for standing in queues.

-          Finally the dog left off barking.

-          She puts off making a decision till she had more details.

-          Helena doesn’t care for making money, her husband is a millionaire.

-          Will you see about getting a new tire?

-          Steve tried to give up smoking yesterday.

-          I look forward to seeing you soon.

-          She took to ringing me in the midnight.

~ Gerund sebagai Larangan atau Pemberitahuan:

-          no smoking, no parking

-          no trespassing, no swimming

-          no littering,

-          no spiting,

-          no loitering,

-          no shouting,

~ Passive Verbal Gerund (being / having been + past participle)

a. Passive Verbal sebagai Subject:

-          Being taught by Miss Irene is very interesting.

-          Having been taught by her was a great experience.

-          Being brought to this small town has made her sad.

-          Having been forgotten by his old friend makes him unhappy.

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b. Passive Verbal sebagai Object:

-          They don’t like being suspected.

-          The students enjoyed being taught by Miss Helen.

-          Phil doesn’t like being appointed new director.

c. Passive Verbal sebagai Object Modifier:

-          I like the children being fed by Mrs. Julie.

-          They would like to learn the song being sung by Celine Dion.

-          Don’t accept the gift being given by any foreigner.

d. Passive Verbal sebagai Adjective (Subject Modifier) :

-          The man being examined is very helpful.

-          The clerk being promoted makes his wife happy.

-          The report having been finished will be printed soon.

-          The log cabin after having been cleaned up became a very nice place to live in.

~ Gerund dalam Noun Compound

a. Noun + Gerund:

-          Fruit picking,

-          Lorry driving,

-          Hitch hiking,

-          Bird watching,

-          Surf riding,

-          Weight lifting,

-          Coal mining,

-          stamp collecting,

b. Gerund + Noun:

-          waiting list,

-          driving license,

-          dining room,

-          diving board,

-          swimming pool,

-          landing card,

-          parking lot,

-          shopping center,

Tugas 04 - deskripsikan ciri ciri dari gerunds

Gerund (bentuk “ing”) sebagai Subject (pokok kalimat):

-          Praying in a congregation is more rewarding.

-          Praying in mosque is rewarding.

-          The understanding of the Holy Qur’an requires knowledge of Arabic and Hadith.

-          Telling a lie is a sinning.

-          Riding a bike is easy.

-          Driving a car is difficult.

-          Collecting stamps is a good hobby.

-          Reading good books is the best habit.

-          Practicing English is the best way to success.

-          Playing scrabble is good way to increase vocabulary.

-          Writing diary in English is another good way of improving it.

-          Smiling is a good therapy.

-          Listening to classical jazz and blues music is my hobby.

Gerund sebagai Object:

-          He regretted his wife’s misunderstanding (him).

-          He didn’t approve her leaving (so suddenly).

-          Reading English is easier than speaking (it).

-          Do you want being good at English? Don’t give up practicing.

-          When we get tired we always stop working.

-          Jazz and blues were spread in USA from the beginning.

-          Does John enjoy teaching?

Tugas 03 - jelaskan mengenai gerund

Gerund (ing-forms)

  Untuk menyatakan segala aktivitas yang umum, wajar dan biasa, tapi diungkapkan dengan cara mengubah verbs (kata kerja) ke dalam bentuk verbal noun (kata kerja yang berubah menjadi kata benda).

Tugas2 CHOOSING FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX!

a.       information	a.       chips	h. WYSIWYG	k. controls
b.       processing	b.       RAM	i.    graphics	l.    systems
c.        load	i.         ROM	j.    bugs	m.  scroll
d.       files

1.       Problems in programs are caused by………

2.       Silicon..................... contain a set of integrated circuits, reduced to a very small size.

3.       Obtaining..................... is done by…………… data.

4.       Software produces images which can appear on the screen as………………

5.       Memory that is permanent, cannot be written to, and can only be read, is …………..

6.       Memory into which information can be loaded and from which data can be read, is……………

7.       Operators.................... into the computer's memory a program that they want to use.

8.       Analysing ways of doing things, and of improving them, is done by…………… analysts.

9.       "What you see is what you get" explains....................

10.    A single disk can contain a large number of different...................

11.    ....................   can carry out instructions or operations when certain conditions occur.

12.    The operators.................... lines of text up the screen, so that a new line appears at the bottom and the top line disappears.

Tugas 2 CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER!

1.The employees responsible for carrying out general office duties, filling in forms and keeping statistics are...
a   clerks       b   accountants       c   supervisors


2.The employees who sell a company's products are the sales representatives, usually known as ………..
a   vendors       b   renters       c   reps


3.The employees who decide what to purchase, and who make the purchases of  finished goods or components to be  made into goods, are the ………..
a   choosers       b   procurers       c   buyers


4. The employees who are responsible for seeing that the finished goods are well made are the
a   packers       b   quality controllers       c   financial staff


5. The clerical workers who use typewriters or word processors and who produce letters, memos or othe documents, are ...........
a   secretaries       b   editors       c   copywriters


6. The employees who check a company's financial affairs are the ............
a   statisticians       b   accountants       c   counters


7.The employees who are responsible for preparing checks, pay packets and pay slips are the ............
a   wages clerks       b   filing clerks       c   paying clerks


8. The workers who process data, under the control of managers and supervisors, are the computer …….
a   hackers       b   operators       c   screeners


9.The person who greets a visitor and tells him or her how to get to the right office is the ..........a   manager       b   president       c   receptionist


10.  The employees who deal with a company's telephone calls are the
a   VDU operators       b   telex operators c   switchboard operators


11.The Board of ......is responsible for deciding on and controlling the strategy of a corporation or company.
a   Workers       b   Directors       c   Control


12. Small businesses depend on investors providing ………capital.
a   venture       b   individual       c   cooperative


13. Investors are influenced by the projected ………. on their capital.
a   market       b   return       c   rate


14. The capital needed to run a business is provided by ...........
a   gain       b   risk       c   investment


15. Rent and rates, which do not change as turnover volume changes, make up the .......costs of a company.
a   fixed       b   contribution       c   variable

Reported speech

   Reported speech merupakan kalimat – kalimat ulang dari perkataan seseorang.
Reported speech berkaitan dengan Direct Speech dan indirect speech. Direct speech adalah kalimat langsung sedangkan indirect speech kalimat tidak langsung.
Reported speech adalah kalimat yang didalamnya merupakan kalimat ulang dari perkataan seseorang dan kalimat ulang tersebut bisa menjadi kalimat ulang langsung atau Direct speech dan kalimat tidak langsung atau indirect speech.

Reported speech

Reported speech secara tidak langsung melaporkan apa yang dikatakan orang lain. Contoh:

• Jane said she was so happy today.
• The president said he needed a vacation.

Reported speech menggunakan bentuk lampau dari direct speech. Jadi jika direct speech dalam bentuk present tense, maka reported speech dalam bentuk past tense. Contoh:

Direct Speech - I said, “She is in her office.”
Reported Speech - I said she was in her office.

Apabila direct speech dalam bentuk past tense, maka reported speech menggunakan bentuk past perfect.

Direct Speech - I said, “She was in her office at lunchtime.”
Reported Speech - I said she had been in her office at lunchtime. atau - I said she was in her office at lunchtime.

Dalam bahasa Inggris moderen, bentuk past perfect sering tidak diperlukan untuk reported speech bentuk lampau, kita cukup menggunakan past simple tense.

Berikut beberapa bentuk kata kerja umum dalam direct dan reported speech 

http://www.1-language.com/englishcourse/unit59_grammar.htm

Tenses	Direct / Reported Speech
Simple present:	I said, “She is busy”. - I said she was busy.
Present continuous:	I said, “I am working now”. - I said I was working now
Simple past:	I said, “She was here this morning”. - I said she was here this morning. ATAU I said she had been here this morning.
Past continuous:	I said “She was studying all yesterday” - I said she was studying all yesterday. ATAU I said she had been studying all yesterday
Present perfect:	I said, “She has worked here for 5 years.” - I said she had worked here for 5 years.
Past perfect:	I said, “She had worked here for 5 years.” - I said she had worked here for 5 years.
Future:	I said, “She will work here from July.” - I said she would work here from July.
Future continuous:	I said, “We’ll be living here for 6 months.” - I said we would be living here for 6 months.
Can:	I said, “She can play the piano well.” - I said she could play the piano well.